تحلیلی بر نابرابری‌های فضایی بر پایه شاخص‌های اجتماعی در کلان‌شهر تبریز

A B S T R A C T
Inequality in many countries is considered a major challenge to development, especially for those countries whose sovereignty includes vast geographical areas. These inequalities are a serious threat to obtain balanced development of regions, and makes it difficult to achieve national unity and integrity. So, addressing the issue of spatial justice and, consequently, spatial inequality in urban issues has been of great significance. This research has considered spatial analysis of inequalities in Tabriz metropolitan by considering social indices in 2023In this applied research a descriptive-analytic method was used. The spatial auto-correlation technique was used to identify and measure the inequality by using hot spot analysis in ArcGIS software. In order to understand the scope of study from the perspective of spatial inequalities, data from statistical blocks of 2023 and nine social indices have been used. Also, findings of research indicated that Tabriz does not have a suitable status in terms of the distribution of social indices. According to the results, in the distribution of social inequalities, the largest number of urban blocks are related to very deprived and deprived blocks, and only a small number of urban blocks are completely possessed ones. Also, the results of spatial inequality zonation based on social indices revealed that completely deprived urban blocks have expanded in the marginal blocks of Tabriz, while moderate and completely possessed blocks are expanded towards the blocks inside the city. Also, the distribution of blocks in terms of desirability is in clustered form and has spatial correlation.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
From geographical point of view, social justice of any city is synonymous with equitable distribution of resources and facilities between urban areas and the equal access of citizens to them, because their lack of fair distribution will lead to social crises and complex spatial problems (Sharifi, 2006: 6). On the other hand, the issue of inequality in many countries is considered a major challenge to development, especially for those countries whose sovereignty includes vast geographical areas. These inequalities are a serious threat to obtain balanced development of regions, and makes it difficult to achieve national unity and integrity (Shankar & Shah, 2003: 1432). In the meantime, social inequality in the urban environment is the result of differential access of the city to valuable social resources such as wealth, power, dignity and cultural capitals. The initial meaning of inequality refers to the distinction between individuals, so there is a clear difference between their lives, especially in terms of rights, life opportunities, rewards and privileges. In each society, inequality occurs in a variety of ways, and usually inequality and stratification happen in urban areas more than rural areas (Chen & Sun, 2006: 521).
The necessity of research
Urban unequal spaces make unequal opportunities available to residents of different regions, unequal distribution of welfare services, formation and growth of worn-out areas, urban slums. Urban decline and deprivation are considered as the main consequences of inequality in urban areas (Khalu Bagheri, 2012: 51). Therefore, due to the importance of this subject and mentioned issues, the present study has been designed to analyze the spatial inequality based on social indices in Tabriz metropolitan.
Research objective
In addition to the identification of unequal areas and blocks and achieving the amount of inequality between blocks and urban cells.
questions

Is there spatial inequalities based on social indices in Tabriz?
How is spatial distribution of these inequalities?

Methodology
In terms of aim, this study is an applied one and regarding the nature and method of research it is descriptive and analytical. The sample of study was Tabriz in 2023. According to Statistical Database Blocks of 2023 social indices have been extracted. To illustrate the state of social inequality, spatial autocorrelation techniques and hot spot analysis have been used in ArcGIS software. Moran's statistic was to analyze the pattern of social inequality dispersion. Also, for zoning social inequality based on social indices, ArcGIS software was used.
 
Results and discussion
The results of the present study, which was based on the zoning of spatial inequality based on social indicators, show that deprived and completely deprived urban blocks have expanded in the marginal blocks of Tabriz city, while the average, well-off and completely well-off blocks have expanded towards the blocks inside the city. Also, the distribution of blocks in terms of desirability is clustered and has spatial correlation. While Duncan et al. (2012), in an article titled “Space, Race, and Poverty: Spatial Inequalities in Neighborhood Walkability Amenities?” have concluded that significant spatial autocorrelation has been found in the study area, but they lack neighborhood walkability amenities. Also, the Spearman correlation value between the socio-demographic characteristics of the neighborhood and neighborhood walkability amenities was not significant. And Nikpour et al. (2015), in an article titled “Spatial Analysis and Study of Social Inequalities in Urban Areas with a Low-Meterage City Approach, Case Study: Babol City,” concluded that the distribution and dispersion of development indicators in Babol City shows a kind of spatial imbalance, and the central areas of the city have a higher level of development than the peripheral and semi-peripheral areas, and a significant difference is seen between the development coefficient between regions based on the classification of building density; so that the average of this coefficient is higher in low-meterage areas than in low-meterage areas. Finally, regions 3 and 4 are identified as developed regions and regions 6 and 9 as less developed regions of Babol City.
 
Conclusion
Expansion of spatial-local inequality in the cities of Iran, especially in Tabriz, embraces a growing trend, which requires conscious actions to prevent the spread of this phenomenon. The present study attempted to investigate the process of cellular inequality in Tabriz and tried to identify the inequality organization and recited its trend by analyzing the spatial statistics. Spatial-local inequality indicates that we need a coherent planning for this crisis. The present study suggests some recommendations based on its findings. We hope to provide a basis for removing the barriers and problems of the society. Findings of the research show that in the distribution of inequalities, the highest number of our urban blocks based on social indices are related to very deprived blocks and they have devoted 46% of total urban blocks to themselves. After theses blocks, we have deprived blocks with 19% of total blocks, and the smallest number of urban blocks are related to fully possessed blocks that include only 6% of total blocks.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.