بررسی نقش پدافند غیرعامل در کاهش بحران‌های طبیعی (زلزله) با رویکرد افزایش امنیت و عدالت محوری در کلان‌شهر تبریز

A B S T R A C T
Citizens' lives in cities and metropolises are exposed to a wide range of risks and crises. Urban management and planning play a special role in reducing spatial and social disparities in urban communities, and in addition to military and political content, defense at the urban, national, and regional levels is also used to defend established spatial identities. The general aim of this research is to analyze the role of non-military defense in the safety of cities during natural disasters, specifically earthquakes in the metropolis of Tabriz. The research method used in this study is descriptive, with an applied research type and a survey execution method. In order to collect information from the 1,600,000 population of Tabriz, two types of questionnaires were used. The first type (384 individuals) included 180 individuals from targeted neighborhoods (Yousefabad, Ahmadabad, Silab, and Rezvanshahr) and 204 individuals from other neighborhoods. The second type included 118 individuals selected randomly among experts and crisis management officials, according to Morgan's table. For data analysis, SPSS software and descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The results showed that there is a relationship between urban planning in Tabriz and non-military defense in urban environments. A positive, direct, and increasing relationship was confirmed with over 99% confidence between the variables of "urban planning" and "economic planning" with "non-military defense." Additionally, a positive, direct, and increasing relationship with over 95% confidence was found between the variables of "social planning" and "non-military defense.".
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Research on urban crisis management has shown that crisis identification is an important part of the urban crisis management and safety management process. Therefore, recognizing the crisis as well as its dimensions is a great help to optimal control of the crisis and implementation of security strategies. Accidents and disasters are events that disrupt routine social activities, and it is more than the ability of the affected area to deal with and bring financial and living harm. Effective management of these destructive and harmful events depends on the power to predict the complications and the disasters caused by the incident and to plan for effective response to the problems caused by them. Earthquake is one of the natural disasters occurring once in a while in all corners of the world. Our country is also located in an area of the earth that is very tumultuous and moving. In addition, experience has shown that the occurrence of any severe earthquake in Iran has caused a lot of causality and financial losses. An overview of the history of terrible events shows that earthquakes always destroy the nation's soul and property. Our country is geographically located on the earthquake line in the world and is therefore frequently exposed to earthquakes. Based on current statistical data, Iran experiences an annual occurrence of approximately one earthquake with a magnitude of six, a magnitude seven earthquake every few decades, and around 200 large and small earthquakes overall each year. These figures highlight the high level of seismic activity in this region of the Earth. The overall objective of this research is to analyze the role of passive defense in the safety of cities in the event of natural disasters, and in particular, the earthquake in the metropolitan area of Tabriz, which has four hypotheses:
-There is a relationship between urban planning in Tabriz and passive defense in the safety of urban environments.
-There is a direct relationship between economic planning in Tabriz and passive defense in the safety of urban environments.
-There is a direct relationship between physical planning in Tabriz and passive defense in the safety of urban environments.
-There is a direct relationship between social planning in Tabriz and passive defense in the safety of urban environments.
 
Methodology
The city of Tabriz is located on the western side of East Azerbaijan Province and in the eastern and southeast of Tabriz plain. With an approximate area of 250 km2 and an average elevation of 1,340 meters above sea. The city of Tabriz with a population of 1,600,000 is the most populous in the northwest of the country. The study neighborhoods in this study include Yusef Abad, Seiylab (Ahmad Abad, Molla Zeynal, Iddalo), and Rezvan Shahr as the marginal texture of Tabriz and mainly in marginal settlements in the north. The main features of this texture are its establishment in inappropriate lands with very steep slopes and tall slopes, disturbance of the communication network and the lack of urban amenities. These parts are considered the most densely populated areas of Tabriz and have the highest average density in the city. This survey study is descriptive/applied research. Questionnaires have been used to collect information from library methods, articles, theses, websites, and field methods. The questionnaires used in this study were of two types. The first type was selected from 384 people of Tabriz's 1,600,000 population, 180 participants were selected from target areas and the remaining (204) from other neighborhoods of the city were selected randomly for comparing and checking the differences and coordinates. The second questionnaire was administered among experts and managers of crisis management 118 people based on Morgan's table. The sampling method was cluster simple random one. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Independent tests, as well as the one-way ANOVA, were used for inferential statistics. All data was analyzed using SPSS software.
 
Results and discussion
The research findings indicate the extent of the relationship and interdependence between urban, physical, social, economic, and political planning with Passive Defense planning, and the mutual impact of these factors on ensuring the safety of life and property in metropolitan areas. Therefore, it is necessary to implement Passive Defense principles at the national, regional, and urban scales to create a resilient city, a deterrent city, and a defensive city. Additionally, this will increase the national power of the country and contribute to power enhancement and power regeneration. There is a direct relationship between passive defense and urban planning. This means that the more attention is given to Passive Defense elements in urban planning, the higher the safety of urban environments will be in dealing with natural disasters and earthquakes.
The close and direct relationship between social planning and Passive Defense underscores the importance of social planning in mitigating risks related to natural disasters. Similarly, the relationship between Passive Defense and economic planning is even more significant. Economic capacity plays a crucial role in determining the location of urban neighborhoods and ensuring the safety and well-being of residents. As a result, there exists a direct relationship between Passive Defense and economic planning. The evident need to address the relationship between physical planning and Passive Defense is supported by clear results. The high correlation between them confirms the claim that physical planning is a vital factor in overall planning quality.
 
Conclusion
The results of this research showed that there is a direct and positive relationship between urban planning in Tabriz and passive defense in urban environment safety. There is a relationship between urban planning in Tabriz and passive defense in the safety of urban environments. The positive, direct and incremental relationship between the two variables "urban planning" and "passive defense" with a high confidence of 99% was confirmed. There is a direct relationship between economic planning in Tabriz and passive defense in the safety of urban environments. The positive, direct and incremental relationship between the two variables "economic planning" and "passive defense" with a high confidence of 99% was confirmed. There is a direct relationship between physical planning in Tabriz and passive defense in the safety of urban environments. The positive, direct and incremental relationship between the two variables "physical planning" and "passive defense" with a high confidence of 99% was confirmed. There is a direct relationship between social planning in Tabriz and passive defense in the safety of urban environments. The positive, direct and incremental relationship between the two variables "social planning" and "passive defense" with a high confidence of 95% was confirmed.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
 We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.